nine sogdian surnames

China, Tang dynasty (618–907 CE). [77] This change of surnames was enacted retroactively for all of his family members, so that his ancestors would also be bestowed the surname Li. For here we are able to make use of a remarkably rich form of evidence: the tombstones and epitaph stones of several elite Sogdians found there over the last several decades. Detail of east wall of Sarcophagus of Shi Jun (Wirkak) and Wiyusi: The Wind God Weshparkar. These were exchanged for Chinese paper, copper, and silk. 6 Detail of Funerary Bed of Kang Ye: Sogdian Groom. Sogdia (/ˈsɒɡdiə/) (Sogdian: soɣd) or Sogdiana was an ancient Iranian civilization that at different times included territory located in present-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan, such as Samarkand, Bukhara, Khujand, Panjikent, and Shahrisabz. [100] In addition to revealing aspects of their social and political lives, Sogdian art has also been instrumental in aiding historians' understanding of their religious beliefs. Excavated in Xi’an, China; dated to 571 CE. Sogdians also lived in Imperial China and rose to prominence in the military and government of the Chinese Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). If the Sogdian Whirl was perhaps the most visible and momentous of Sogdian exports to China during the Tang period (618–907 CE), it was by no means the only one. It is considered one of the “Nine Sogdian Surnames,” and in this context it is derived from the city of Samarkand. This is the same as the Sogdian Rock of Arrian, with the challenge to find the winged soldiers. Victor H. Mair, ed., trans. The Sogdian were the main traders of Central Asia from the fifth to the eighth century. Their diaspora is attested in India, China, Iran, the Turkish Steppe, but also Byzantium. This is the first attempt to describe their trade. The Hers are considered to be … He was later appointed sabao of Liangzhou 涼州  (modern-day Wuwei, in Gansu Province), an important center of trade due to its location on the Hexi Corridor  (Hexi Zoulang 河西走廊), which funneled the overland traffic between the Tarim Basin  (in Xinjiang ) and China. Tashkent. [92] Yet the Sogdian language gradually declined in favor of the Persian language of the Samanids (the ancestor to the modern Tajik language), the spoken language of renowned poets and intellectuals of the age such as Ferdowsi (940–1020). Nevertheless, once a surname was attributed to a Sogdian family residing in China, it was passed on to the following generations. Roxana was a Sogdian and Bactrian princess who married Alexander the Great. Also new to the list is the Asian surname. Alongside biographical information, the tombs also illuminate the value systems of these elite Sogdians. Image courtesy of Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology. In their stead, turbans, kaftans, and sleeved coats became more common. Aditya. Cui Feng崔峰. [135][137], A document dated 731 AD reveals that precisely forty bolts of silk were paid to a certain Mi Lushan, a slave dealing Sogdian, by a Chinese man named Tang Rong (唐榮) of Chang'an, for the purchase of an eleven-year-old girl. Sogdiana was also a province of the Achaemenid Empire, and listed on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great. The largest body of Sogdian texts are Buddhist, and Sogdians were among the principal translators of Buddhist sutras into Chinese. This online exhibition is made possible through the generosity of the Leon Levy Foundation, with additional support from the Thaw Charitable Trust and the Smithsonian Provost Scholarly Studies Award program. Each is flanked by a single panel carved with a birdman, the lower part of its face covered by a padam, as he tends the sacred fire. She was sold by a Sogdian named Wakhushu-vTrt originating from Samarkand and the buyer was a Buddhist monk Yänsyän, apparently a Chinese. After Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an Bei Zhou An Jia mu, pl. [53] Their commercial interests were protected by the resurgent military power of the Göktürks, whose empire was built on the political power of the Ashina clan and economic clout of the Sogdians. Kumar (eds). Cammann. A SOGDIAN COLONY IN INNER MONGOLIA BY EDWIN G. PULLEYBLANK The men of Sogdiana, says the New T'ang History, "have gone wherever profit is to be found". Subsequently, Sogdiana formed part of the Hellenistic Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a breakaway state from the Seleucid Empire founded in 248 BC by Diodotus I, for roughly a century. Sarcophagus of Shi Jun (Wirkak) and Wiyusi. Shi or Shih is the romanization of a Chinese surname. The role of sabao was to represent these local Central Asian communities by liaising with various levels of Chinese government. Sogdians were not the only foreigners given names according to their place of origin; for instance, those from India were often surnamed Zhu 竺. An Qie, too, began his career as a sabao focused on trade and local affairs. Batraz Батырадз m Ossetian, Caucasian Mythology. Sogdiana (modern Bukhara), east of the Oxus River, on the Polytimetus River, was apparently the most easterly penetration ever made by Roman forces in Asia. Detail of Funerary Bed of An Qie: An Qie brokering an alliance with Turks. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries'. Detail from the Funerary Bed of An Qie: Entertainment Scene. Found inside – Page 58The most notable development to be observed in the Sogdian texts - as also ... of the so - called “ Nine surnames " ( jiu xing ) attributed to the Sogdians ... The dense composition of the next panel shows the couple, surrounded by heavenly musicians, rising to heaven on winged horses. [69] The fact that these Eastern Roman coins were almost always found with Sasanian Persian silver coins and Eastern Roman gold coins were used more as ceremonial objects like talismans, confirms the pre-eminent importance of Greater Iran in Chinese Silk Road commerce of Central Asia compared to Eastern Rome. Click here to read the article from the British Library's "Sacred Text" Courtesy : Minocheher Damania Enoki, Kazuo, (1998), "Yü-ni-ch'êng and the Site of Lou-Lan," and "The Location of the Capital of Lou-Lan and the Date of the Kharoshthi Inscriptions," in Rokuro Kono (ed. M IHÁLY DOBROVITS. From other visual as well as textual evidence, we know that Sogdians and their descendants also served as horse trainers and grooms in China. [41] In the 7th century, the Chinese Buddhist pilgrim Xuanzang noted with approval that Sogdian boys were taught to read and write at the age of five, though their skill was turned to trade, disappointing the scholarly Xuanzang. 2001. Of course, the Iranic ethnic of Sogdians never disappeared without traces. In Xian have been found a total of three sogdian tombs, some say four. Kang (康, pinyin: Kāng) is a Chinese surname. Roxana was a Sogdian or Bactrian princess who married Alexander the Great. Found inside – Page 36The buyers and sellers in the scale - fee documents were mainly Sogdians . Forty - one of the forty - nine people have Sogdian surnames , clear evidence of ... École pratique des hautes études Sciences historiques et philologiques, Paris he Starting from the names of the province given in Old Persian inscriptions, Sugda and Suguda, and the knowledge derived from Middle Sogdian that Old Persian -gd- applied to Sogdian was pronounced as voiced fricatives, -γδ-, Szemerényi arrives at *Suγδa as an Old Sogdian endonym. Meet the Sogdians, an ancient Silk Road people whose major influence on world art, culture, and trade has only in the last fifty years begun to be fully understood. It means “stone.” It was one of the “Nine Sogdian Surnames.” A 2013 study found it was the 63rd most common surname, shared by 4,550,000 people or 0.340% of the population, with Henan being the province with the … Both died in the same year, 579. Found insideThis volume studies how they are interacting in modernity; how they view each other and what areas of cooperation are evolving between their scholars, activists and politicians and what talents, qualities and social assets are being ... Fig. Follow the Sogdians' journeys through breathtaking yet treacherous landscapes, from Sogdiana all the way to China. Xi’an, 579 CE. 3, (2010), p. 412, Liu, Xinru, "The Silk Road: Overland Trade and Cultural Interactions in Eurasia", in, J. The surnames of known Sogdians living in China are often linked to specific Sogdian cities where they or their ancestors originated. The Sogdians in China. After Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an Bei Zhou An Jia mu, pl. Earthenware with traces of painted decoration; H. 26 cm × W. 9.6 cm. Excavated in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China; dated to 579 CE. (2003), "Iranian Languages," in C. E. Bosworth and M. S. Asimov. The first element of this name is derived … Roy and B.B. Stark, Sören. Despite holding the same office, though, the different duties they performed showcase the versatility of these community leaders and the way they could move among commercial, political, and military worlds. Detail from Funerary Bed of An Qie: An Qie with a Turkic Chieftain in Yurt. 16 Detail from Funerary Bed of An Qie: Hunting Party on Horseback. At age twenty-six, Shi Jun married a woman from a similar background with the surname Kang 康, suggesting ancestry from the Sogdian city of Samarkand . The exact numbers of the An Lushan casualties, however, are highly disputed. The Spring 2019 edition features five … While originally following the faiths of Zoroastrianism, Manichaeism, Buddhism and, to a lesser extent, Nestorian Christianity from West Asia, the gradual conversion to Islam among the Sogdians and their descendants began with the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana in the 8th century. The Nine Sogdian Surnames; Xuanzang; The Castle on Mount Mugh and Its Documents; Marc Aurel Stein; Boris Marshak; Retracing the Sounds of Sogdiana Stone with traces of pigment and gilding; H. 1.58 × W. 2.45 × D. 1.55 m. Shaanxi History Museum, Xi’an, China. After Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an Bei Zhou An Jia mu, pl. Rose, 'The Sogdians: Prime Movers between Boundaries', Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, vol. (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater. This person is most likely a merchant or trader: a Central Asian characterized (or caricatured) by his long nose, moustache, and curly hair; a Sogdian by his dress, with its rows of roundels—similar to those decorating the garments of the banqueters at Panjikent. 9 Funerary Bed of An Qie. Here are our favorite 50 sun names for boys. 30, no. Found inside – Page iIn Literary Sinitic and East Asia: A Cultural Sphere of Vernacular Reading, Professor Kin Bunkyō surveys the ‘vernacular reading’ technologies used to read Literary Sinitic through a wide variety of vernacular languages across diverse ... Shaanxi Provincial Institute of Archaeology, Xi’an. Such scenes are atypical of Chinese tomb decoration but reflect the narrative quality of Sogdian art, as known from the 7th- and early 8th-century wall paintings found in Sogdiana itself, specifically at Panjikent . Xi’an, 579–80 CE. Even though An Qie, Shi Jun, and other Sogdian elites clearly indulged in banquets, accompanied by music and dance, it is doubtful whether they actually hunted—certainly not lions. The fact that so many non-Chinese foreigners … Both men served in the bureaucracy of the ruling Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581 CE) as sabao 薩保, or leaders of their respective Sogdian communities. Similarly, in this mid-6th-century incised slab that belonged to a sarcophagus found in Yidu 益都 , near Qingzhou 青州, Shandong Province, the tomb owner in elegant Chinese garb meets with a foreigner who crouches before him, offering some precious substance in a footed dish; Fig. [112], However, the Sogdians epitomized the religious plurality found along the trade routes. Fig. Sogdiana was also a province of the Achaemenid Empire, and listed on the Behistun Inscription of Darius the Great. Mark J. Dresden (2003), "Sogdian Language and Literature", in Ehsan Yarshater, Antoine Simonin. Northern Zhou dynasty (557–581 CE); dated to 579–80 CE. Mi Fu (Chinese: 米芾 or 米黻; pinyin: Mǐ Fú, also given as Mi Fei, 1051–1107) was a Chinese painter, poet, and calligrapher born in Taiyuan during the Song dynasty; Mi (禰) [] Mi Heng (禰衡; 173 – 200) – Scholar in the Late Han Dynasty; Mi (糜) [] China, purportedly Anyang, Henan Province, Northern Qi dynasty (550–77 CE). 12. [136], Sogdian slave girls and their Chinese male owners made up the majority of Sogdian female-Chinese male pairings, while free Sogdian women were the most common spouse of Sogdian men. [134][135] In Tang poetry Sogdian girls also frequently appear as serving maids in the taverns and inns of the capital Chang'an. Explore Sogdian visual culture through some of its most iconic and beautiful objects. February 9, 2020 May 29, 2012 by Simon Newman Medieval names are often derived from biblical texts and saint names as a reflection of the important of religion in the Middle Ages. Tafazzoli, A. The American historian Homer H. Dubs offered the suggestion that a lost legion from the Roman army of Crassus that fought at Carrhae encountered and even fought a Chinese army of the Han Dynasty in the region: ... [In 36 BC a] Han expedition into central Asia, west of the Jaxartes River, apparently encountered and defeated a contingent of Roman legionaries. (Univ. After so many generations in China, some of the members of the families still married in the Sogdian milieu, among them Shi Hedan, great-great-grandson of Shi Miaoni, who married a Kang (the Chinese surname of the natives of Samarkand), and Shi Suoyan, who married an An (from Bukhara). The name "Sogdia", however, referred to different areas at different times, so Chorasmia and the northern steppe could at times be considered part of Sogdia as well. Farnabazu m Ancient Persian. Xi’an Municipal Institute for the Conservation of Cultural Relics and Archaeology. Excavated in Xi’an, Shaanxi Province, China; dated to 579–80 CE. Sogdian was written largely in three scripts: the Sogdian alphabet, the Syriac alphabet, and the Manichaean alphabet, each derived from the Aramaic alphabet,[103][104] which had been widely used in both the Achaemenid and Parthian empires of ancient Iran. Thank you for your question. Following the Muslim conquest of Transoxiana in the 8th century, the Samanids resumed trade on the northwestern road leading to the Khazars and the Urals and the northeastern one toward the nearby Turkic tribes. 1 Two pages from the Sui Shu 隋書 [Book of Sui] discussing several “Western Kingdoms,” such as Samarkand and Bukhara, and their reflections in surnames of Sogdians living in China. The culmination of Shi Jun’s and Wiyusi’s journey is their feasting in paradise with Weshparkar. In fact, data from a Census Bureau study reveals that the number of Hispanic surnames in the top 25 doubled between 1990 and 2000. Alongside the worldly pursuits of work and leisure, the tombs also testify to elite Sogdians’ religious beliefs. [129] Manumission was also permitted when a slave woman gave birth to her master's son, which allowed for her elevation to the legal status of a commoner, yet she could only live as a concubine and not as the wife of her former master. 51. Let us take these in turn; Fig. , China, dated to 573 CE. After Wei Zheng 魏徵 (580–643 CE), Sui Shu 隋書 (Shanghai: Zhonghua shu ju, 1936), v. 12, juan 83, 5a–b. We follow here the explorers, archaeologists, and scholars who together have helped create an increasingly detailed picture of Sogdian life and culture. Fig. Stone carvings with traces of pigment and gilding. Incised limestone; H. 135 × W. 98 cm. In Central Asia, it denoted the leader of a group of merchants and other individuals, such as entertainers, artisans, and pilgrims. Glazed earthenware. Due to the lack of other available models, the Chang’an  stone carver has based Weshparkar on the form of the Hindu deity Shiva Maheshvara; Fig. Panjikent, Tajikistan (in ancient Sogdiana), Site XXIV:1, first half of the 8th century CE. Follow the Sogdians' journeys through breathtaking yet treacherous landscapes, from Sogdiana all the way to China. Found insideOne of the longest surviving inscriptions was written by a Sogdian with the surname Nanai-Vandak who was travelling through the Karakorams from India to an ... (2012). The present article does not count these surnames as Sogdian. Below, now seated in an elaborate structure and accompanied by attendants, they conclude their agreement. Yoshida, Yutaka. Golden writes that the Uyghurs not only adopted the writing system and religious faiths of the Sogdians, such as Manichaeism, Buddhism, and Christianity, but also looked to the Sogdians as "mentors", while gradually replacing them in their roles as Silk Road traders and purveyors of culture. Whirling to the left, turning to the right, she never feels exhausted, Moving away from the grand sweep of transcontinental trade and cultural exchange, the tombs offer a human scale at which to understand the way that China could shape the lives of individual Sogdians, and conversely, the role that individual Sogdians could play in Chinese political, social, and cultural life. – A.D. 220, 520–544. By this point, the Sogdians were entrenched in their role as the central Asian traveling and trading merchants, transferring goods, culture and religion.

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