The normal positions were taken from the same ChessBase database used in experiment 1 and were typical midgame positions of master games highly unlikely to have been known to participants. The fusiform gyrus is located between the inferior temporal gyrus and the parahippocampal gyrus. Thank you for sharing this Journal of Neuroscience article. There is a further retinotopic area encoding both dorsal and ventral visual fields interposed between V4v and the fusiform face area. D, Activation levels (percentage signal change relative to baseline) in the right FFA in experts and novices when executing the check, knight, and control (dot) tasks depending on the type of position in experiment 2. It is also known as the (discontinuous) occipitotemporal gyrus. On the one hand, our findings confirm studies that reported stronger FFA activity for faces than for other objects (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Grill-Spector et al., 2004; Rhodes et al., 2004a). The possible functions of the fusiform face area (FFA), generally believed to be responsible for face recognition, also feature these two characteristics. the fusiform face area (FFA). Although the differentiation between normal and random positions among experts may speak against this possibility (since both position types were similarly complex), a more direct test may be necessary. As in experiment 2, we also manipulated the relationship between chess pieces by presenting normal and random positions. Chess positions have certain commonalities with faces (Tarr and Cheng, 2003): their area is clearly defined by the chess board and they consist of multiple meaningful pieces, which form typical spatial relations. This face activation was used to define a specific region of interest individually for each subject, within which several new tests of face specificity were run. Scale bar = 15 mm in A and B, and 400 μm in C to F. The fusiform face area ( FFA, meaning spindle-shaped face area) is a part of the human visual system (while also activated in people blind from birth) that is specialized for facial recognition. 3C), but this effect was, again, exclusively driven by differences in the chess tasks (ANOVA interaction: chess expertise × task: F(1,11) = 28.3; p < 0.001; planned contrast of chess expertise in the Threats task: F(1,11) = 12.7; p = 0.004; and Knights and bishops task: F(1,11) = 17.9, p = 0.001). The three-way interaction between expertise, stimulus type, and orientation was not significant. As such, neurons in this lobule assist with the organization and planning of complex motor functions. The higher activation on random chess stimuli might reflect higher demands on the FFA's holistic processing resources (Henson et al., 2000). Inverted stimuli elicited more activation in FFA than upright stimuli did (ANOVA main effect of stimulus orientation: F(1,13) = 11, p = 0.004), but this effect was mainly driven by stronger FFA responses to inverted chess stimuli (ANOVA interaction task type × stimulus orientation: F(1,13) = 6, p = 0.029). Although both sides of the brain are commonly active in response to faces, it is the right side that is usually more active in response to faces (note radiological . The run started with a baseline (a gray screen with a black center cross), which lasted for 14 s and was presented after every block. Specific areas of the brain serve different functions. Damage to the right fusiform face area can disrupt the ability to recognize faces, a classic example of how damage to a specialized brain region can disrupt a specialized brain function. What is the function of fusiform face area? face and body recognition (see Fusiform face area) word recognition (see Visual word form area) within-category identification. Structure. The parahippocampal place area (PPA) is a sub-region of the parahippocampal cortex that lies . [1][2] Because the alphabet is . B, Diagram depicting the trial structure in experiment 1. The present study demonstrated that activity in the fusiform face area was increased as a function of the tendency to avoid sensory stimulation in ASD. The lateral and medial portions are separated by the shallow mid fusiform sulcus. 2015 Aug 6;9:233-43. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.07.008. It is difficult to explain our results solely with attentional effects. Short-Term Classification Learning Promotes Rapid Global Improvements of Information Processing in Human Brain Functional Connectome. Thus, although FFA may not directly support core processes of skill use (i.e., application of probabilistic knowledge on the spatial distributions of objects), it might contribute to experts' superior performance by mediating automatic pattern generation in visual perception. 2C), but this difference was the consequence of experts' performance on the chess tasks and not on the control task (ANOVA interaction: chess expertise × task: F(1,12) = 12.5, p = 0.004; planned contrast of chess expertise in the Check task: F(1,12) = 16.8, p = 0.001; and in the Knight task: F(1,12) = 6.1, p = 0.029). In experiment 1, we presented face or chess stimuli (upright or inverted) in blocks of five stimuli (Fig. Both position types are comparable in that they involve a similar number of chess objects forming interrelations on the same full chess board. It is located in the Inferior temporal cortex (IT), in the fusiform gyrus (Brodmann area 37). Further examination with high-resolution imaging or, alternatively, with adaptation paradigms (Rhodes et al., 2004b; Grill-Spector et al., 2006a) might clarify this issue. Definition. This site needs JavaScript to work properly. The fusiform face area (FFA) is a region of the cortex in the inferior temporal lobe of the brain that has been shown to respond most strongly to faces compared with other types of input (e.g., objects) for typically developing individuals. Specifically: 1) In Fusiform Face Area (see Fig. 2A). Found insideThe NATO Advanced Study Institute (ASI) on Face Recognition: From Theory to Applications took place in Stirling, Scotland, UK, from June 23 through July 4, 1997. Working memory processing of facial images in schizophrenia: fMRI investigation. In the first two experiments, we modeled all trials in their entirety; in experiment 3, we only used the first second of each trial to keep the duration for each condition constant (using the original trial durations produced similar results). Error bars indicate SEM. The FFA may not be a homogeneous area (Grill-Spector et al., 2006b; Hanson and Schmidt, 2011), and its different parts may indeed be differentially sensitive to processes associated with chess-like stimuli. Le TM, Borghi JA, Kujawa AJ, Klein DN, Leung HC. Autocorrelation of the data was corrected using a first-order autoregressive model. Nevertheless, differences between normal and random positions were found in specific tasks (ANOVA interaction position type × task: F(1,11) = 7.5, p = 0.019): there were differences (or trends) between normal and random positions in both Threats and Control tasks (planned contrast of position type in the Threats task: F(1,11) = 2.3, p = 0.12; in the Control task: F(1,11) = 5.7, p = 0.036), but there were no position-related differences in the Knights and Bishops task. The neural substrates of face recognition have been extensively studied (Kanwisher et al., 1997; Gauthier and Nelson, 2001; Rotshtein et al., 2005; Xu, 2005; Yovel and Kanwisher, 2004, 2005; Yue et al., 2006). S1–S5, First through fifth stimulus. Affiliations. 3A). The chess stimuli were full-board positions taken from a four-million-chess-games database (ChessBase Mega Base 2007; www.chessbase.com). C, Time (in seconds) experts and novices needed to match face and chess stimuli when they were presented upright or inverted in experiment 1. Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Aberdeen, Scotland, U.K., June 29-July 4, 1985 Maher S, Ekstrom T, Holt D, Ongur D, Chen Y. Schizophr Bull. The fusiform face area (FFA), . 2020 Mar 14;30(3):875-887. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz133. This work was supported by NIH (Grant DP1HD091947) and the National Science Foundation Science and Technology Center for Brains, Minds . All four conditions were presented in each of the three runs four times (12 blocks of each condition in all runs). Beginners have a rating of ∼500, while the best players, Grand Masters, have ratings of >2500. After a short gap (0.5 s), the target stimulus was presented, which lasted until the press. 2004 Dec;127(Pt 12):2703-16. doi: 10.1093/brain/awh289. 8600 Rockville Pike Functional topography of working memory for face or voice identity. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. If FFA plays a role in the perception of chess stimuli, we would expect its activation to be expertise-modulated whenever domain-specific stimuli are presented. Correspondence should be addressed to Merim Bilalić. In most participants, we were able to apply a stringent criterion including only voxels significant at p < 0.0001, but in two participants, we could identify FFA only at p < 0.001. Would you like email updates of new search results? In other words, it is possible that they were more motivated or that their general recognition processes were more efficient than those of novices in this particular context. Superportraits will be of interest to students of cognitive psychology, perception, the visual arts and animal behavior. RT, Reaction time. MeSH Are automated actions beyond conscious access?, Peter McLeod, Peter Sommerville & Nick Reed 16. Operator functional state: the prediction of breakdown in human performance, Robert J. Hockey This task is very similar to the previously used Check task, since check is one possible kind of threat. The experiment started with a gray screen with a black center cross, which lasted 5–10 s, immediately followed by the instruction for 2.5 s, after which the actual block started. We thank Michael Erb and Luca Turella for their insightful comments and help with the analysis. To find their way through the jungle of complex relationships between multiple chess pieces, chess experts use acquired knowledge structures, called chunks (Chase and Simon, 1973) and templates (Gobet and Simon, 1996a), to direct their attention to the relevant aspects of the chess board. The assembled collection contains articles by leading researchers in Canada, the USA, New Zealand and Europe and illustrates very clearly the methodological diversity, and technical and conceptual ingenuity, of current work in this ... processing info about spatial relations or classifying objects based on spatial processing. A, The chess stimuli and tasks used in experiment 3. This volume assembles the most recent thinking and empirical research from key theorists and researchers on how children, from preschool through early adolescence, make sense of their own and others' emotional experience. This was comprised of two runs, each containing five blocks of faces and objects. There were no differences in pSTS activation between the tasks or between experts and novices. 2D,3D). The term parahippocampal cortex is used to refer to an area that encompasses both the posterior parahippocampal gyrus and the medial portion of the fusiform gyrus.. Function Scene recognition. The most difficult aspect of the game of chess, which makes it similar to real-life decision situations, is the need to cope simultaneously with multiple objects forming numerous interrelations (Gobet and Simon, 1996a). Unlike the FFA, pSTS was not modulated by expertise when the chess stimuli were presented (see supplemental material, available at www.jneurosci.org). In a series of three experiments, we investigated the role of FFA in processing nonfacial stimuli, testing the face-specificity hypothesis against the more general expertise hypothesis of FFA function. Our experts were exceptionally skilled players, rated based on their performance against other rated players. Chess experts and novices were required to indicate whether the current picture equaled the previous one in a block design (one-back task) (Fig. The reaction time (i.e., the time to complete the task) was the time from when the stimulus appeared until the participant pressed the button. A high-pass filter with a cutoff of 128 Hz was applied to eliminate low-frequency noise components. 2020 May 18;30(6):3558-3572. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhz326. Here we test this latter FFA expertise hypothesis using the game of chess as a domain of investigation. Since perceptual demands were equivalent across the three task conditions, these findings suggest that activity in both the PFC and the FFA vary with face working memory demands. There were two classes of stimuli (chess and faces) and two locations (upright and inverted), for a total of four conditions. These results call into question the presence of a specific face processing deficit in schizophrenia. In sum, our results reveal that brain areas—or at least parts thereof—previously assumed to be specialized modules for processing a specific category of visual stimuli (i.e., faces) may also engage in processing chess stimuli. Epub 2008 Nov 11. 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Coombs G 3rd, DeCross SN, Cassidy BS, Stufflebeam s, Rauch SL, Tootell.! > 2500 2020 may ; 42 ( 3 ):875-887. doi: 10.1162/jocn.2009.21250 also more activated in both experiments we... Of prefrontal cortex during working memory still the same chess objects ; 24 ( 1 in! Endorsement of the scientific and technical background required to understand transcranial stimulation, for,... Participants were doing a chess-unrelated task throughout the whole scene ( face or voice identity (... Led me to an interesting podcast about some experiments done at Georgetown University 2014... ; www.chessbase.com ) nine novices ) SN, Cassidy BS, Stufflebeam s, SL! Hypotheses concerning FFA function: face specificity, individuation, and several other advanced features temporarily. The game of chess as a domain of investigation required to understand stimulation. 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