Found inside – Page 249... population of the Rakhine State (Arakan) and the Christian communities of the Irrawaddy delta (paras. 45-46). See, for example, allegations concerning ... He claimed to have inadvertantly crossed the border from Bangladesh into Myanmar, and alleged that the border area was heavily guarded by troops (Associated Press, 23 November 1993). Those who resisted being taken as porters were said by refugees to be at risk of being killed, while family members who protested to the army after their relatives had been taken as porters were subjected to physical punishment (Amnesty International October 1993, 13). This expose of the attempt to erase the Rohingyas from the face of Myanmar is sure to gain widespread attention. Porters were often taken in rotation with each man taking his turn for duty. They are worked until they are either too sick or hurt to walk any further, some are killed by mines, in cross fire, or by the units they serve, some manage to escape." The Muslim population of northern Rakhine State, known as Rohingya2, constitutes an ethnic, linguistic and religious minority group. Public Information Section. As elsewhere, the benefits of citizenship come the obligations to abide by the law of the land. This book is therefore a contribution to Myanmar’s modernization program of integrating all of its peoples. The refugees' version of events was very different. Buddhist 87.9%, Christian 6.2%, Muslim 4.3%, Animist 0.8%, Hindu 0.5%, other 0.2%, none 0.1% (2014 est.) London: Amnesty International. He stressed, however, that there remain "many serious restrictions and grave violations of human rights and fundamental freedoms". Rakhine State, like many parts of Myanmar(Burma), has a diverse ethnic population. Nonetheless the consistency of the testimony gathered has led journalists, non-governmental organizations and the United Nations (UN) Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Myanmar to conclude that during 1991 and 1992 Muslims in Rakhine state were subjected to a gross and persistent pattern of human rights violations by the Myanmar authorities. However, until the ruling authorities in Myanmar demonstrate a fundamental change in their attitude to political opposition and begin to put an end to their repressive policies in the rest of the country, there is little room for confidence that improved conditions for Muslims living in Rakhine state can be assured in the longer term. 21 Apr 2018: English . Rather, their members live in camps along the border with Bangladesh. It was ranked as the country's second poorest region in the 2009-2010 Integrated Household Living Condition Survey with an estimated 43.5% of the Rakhine population livings below the poverty line, compared to the national average of 25.6%. "The size of the non-enumerated population in Rakhine is significant enough to have an impact on the results on religion at both the Rakhine State level and at the Union [country-wide] level," the . From evidence provided by refugees and non-governmental organizations there seems to be little doubt that during 1991 and 1992 the army conducted a campaign against Muslims from Rakhine state, which included ill-treatment, torture and deliberate killings on a massive scale. In 1978 the then ruling Burmese Socialist Programme Party (BSPP) initiated a campaign code-named Naga Min (Dragon King) which drove over 200,000 Muslims from Rakhine state (then called Arakan state) across the border into Bangladesh (The Far East and Australasia Yearbook 1993, 577). The country's ruling State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) has repeatedly denied access to the country to non-governmental human rights organizations, and permission for journalists to visit is granted only rarely. The interviews conducted by Amnesty International reveal that forced porterage in Rakhine state has not been confined to one age group or social category: "...Muslim men of all ages, school children and even a malawi [a Muslim cleric in a mosque who leads people in prayer] were forced to be porters by the army. (AI Index: ASA 16/06/92). So too did the UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar who found that the neglect of porters, including a failure to provide medical treatment for injuries sustained as a result of torture or for illnesses contracted during the course of portering and forced labour, resulted in many deaths (United Nations 17 February 1993, E/CN.4/1993/37, 21). The Far East and Australasia Yearbook 1993. London: Amnesty International. ", 19 January 1993. The deliberate killing of Muslims by the security forces, both within the context of forced labour or portering and without, were also reported. With the signing of the MOU the rate of return of Muslim refugees is expected to accelerate rapidly. (Ibid., 16). peaceful co-existence between various religious and ethnic groups; (7) advise on the promotion of the rule of law; (8) advise on the promotion of social and economic development. This agreement, which will allow the UNHCR access to Rakhine state in order to monitor the repatriation and reintegration of returning Muslim refugees, marks a potentially major breakthrough in the repatriation process. 7 May 1992. Amnesty International also documented cases in which deliberate killings were reported to have been carried out against porters and labourers who became too weak to continue their work (Amnesty International May 1992, 20). "A Danger to themselves". 5 Some improvements have been made in the human rights situation, but the SLORC has not instituted more fundamental changes which would provide the population of Myanmar with protection from ongoing and systematic violations of human rights." Found inside – Page 92Taking care of our own religion and race is more important than democracy. ... For example, Shwe Maung, the Rakhine government spokesperson, once lamented ... Rakhine State (formerly known as Arakan Province), like many parts of Burma, has a diverse ethnic population. [4] while population estimation (in lieu of lack of proper census since 1983) for 2010 placed the state's population at 3.83 million. Echoing the fears of local Rakhine-Buddhists, politicized Buddhist "Burmese refugees flee camps in Bangladesh. The latest skirmish between either rebel group and the Myanmar armed forces reportedly took place in February 1989. 4, Issue 24. Present day population statistics for Myanmar are contentious. Myanmar's Legal Code does not prohibit the use of forced labour. Four months later the Bangladesh authorities did return a group of refugees to Myanmar, without the UNHCR being granted access to them to assess the voluntary nature of their return, and violence erupted in the camps in protest (Asia Watch, 9 October 1993, 2). . The 2014 Myanmar Population and Housing Census reported that 52.2 percent of Rakhine State are Buddhist and 42.7 percent Islamic, making religious tensions in Rakhine State much higher than in the rest of the country. London: Amnesty International. File Type. 15 July 1993. The UN Special Rapporteur on Myanmar believes that the policy of forced relocation was in large part responsible for grave human rights violations committed against Muslims in Rakhine state. In Rakhine State, according to the UN and media reports, the government and security forces continued to restrict the movement of various ethnic and religious groups, particularly members of the Rohingya community. Photo: Chin World. Official Burmese figures state Rakhine State's population as 3,183,330. Report on the situation of human rights in Myanmar. Title. The riots finally came after weeks of sectarian disputes including a gang rape and murder of a Rakhine woman by Rohingyas and killing of ten Burmese Muslims by Rakhines. Military personnel deployed in the two townships were understood to include several contingents from the Lone Htein, a paramilitary security force that earned notoriety in Rangoon for its brutal handling of the pro-democracy movement in 1988. Found insideThe best country-by-country assessment of human rights. The human rights records of more than ninety countries and territories are put into perspective in Human Rights Watch's signature yearly report. "Changes in Burma?" Found insideThis second edition of Historical Dictionary of Burma (Myanmar) contains a chronology, an introduction, and an extensive bibliography. 28 January 1993. Any views expressed are solely those of the author or publisher and do not necessarily reflect those of UNHCR, the United Nations or its Member States. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 1992. In August 2017, the forced mass migration of the Rohingya, a Muslim minority group in Myanmar, became world news after the country's military began to drive thousands from their homes. The agreements were strongly criticized, not least by the UNHCR, both for their failure to provide any mechanisms to ensure that the repatriation process would be truly voluntary, and for their failure to provide for the effective monitoring of the safety of the returnees once they were back in Myanmar. Found insideThis latest volume in the Myanmar Update Series from the ANU College of Asia and the Pacific continues and deepens a tradition of intense, critical engagement with political, economic and social questions that matter to both the inhabitants ... Described by journalists and news outlets as one of the most . "Rohingyas Repatriated From Bangladesh 16 July." Vol. During this period there were reports of entire communities being forced to leave their settlements to make way for military projects, and at least three additional battalions of government troops were said to have been deployed in the border area. Until non-governmental organizations and the UNHCR are established there it is unlikely that an accurate picture of the true situation in Rakhine state will emerge. "Second Coming: New wave of Burmese refugees threatens Thailand. Found inside – Page 340Buddhists are around 9 percent of the population of Nepal and are a minority in India. ... The Chak are found in the Rakhine State of Myanmar, which borders ... Rakhine state spokesman Win Myaing said the new program was meant to stem rapid population growth in the Muslim community, which a government-appointed commission identified as one of the causes . NGOs and government sources estimated the overwhelmingly Sunni Muslim Rakhine State population (pre-2017) at 1.1 million. In 1991 the population of Myanmar was estimated to be just over forty two million (Asia Yearbook 1992, 6). Highly innovative and profound, this book explores cutting-edge social scientific- and ethical approaches, so that human rights and social equality can be improved in Myanmar. The Special Rapporteur stated that refugees consistently told him that they believed the practice of abduction for forced portering continues and that as a result they may again be tortured and perhaps killed if they return to Myanmar. See the Department of State's International Religious Freedom Report at www.state.gov . Their coastal land gave rise to the powerful empire of Arakan around the 4th century. Sittwe, the capital of Rakhine state, has a Muslim population of around 100,000 and dozens of mosques. Many porters are physically and/or sexually abused by the soldiers they serve. Where it differs significantly, however, is in the way in which the human rights abuses appear to have been carried out as part of a deliberate attempt to push Muslims out of northern Rakhine state. Vol. Refugees described being subjected to a wide range of human rights violations by the Myanmar security forces deliberately aimed, many of them claimed, at driving them out of the country. A majority of the Rohingya, numbering about 800,000, are spread out across two townships in northern Rakhine state — another region completely blocked off from the outside world by the military. Now that many of the Muslim Rohingya have been killed or forced into Bangladesh the numbers on the map might be accurate, but I am still skeptical of any demographic stats put out by the Burmese government. He is understood to have been sentenced to two years' imprisonment in March 1993. "When we were beaten at different times we were often told that we should leave and that we weren't wanted in Burma. The Office of International Religious Freedom has recently issued its 2020 report on observance of religious freedom in Myanmar. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. By questioning these competing narratives, offering detailed sociopolitical analysis and examining the international dimensions of the conflict, this book offers new insights into what is preventing a peaceful resolution to this intractable ... The ethnic Rakhine make up the majority, followed by a considerable population of Rohingya Muslims. Their number is estimated at 725,000 or about 80% of the total population of that area (UNHCR). (Ibid., 2). One refugee described it as "...like being in prison, but worse because of the heavy work we had to do." Those refugees who returned prior to the November 1993 agreement have not had their progress independently monitored and international human rights organizations continue to be denied access to the state. . Freedom of speech, the press, assembly, and association remained nonexistant." The governments of Bangladesh and Myanmar had originally intended the repatriation process to begin soon after they signed agreements in April and May 1992 that provided for the "safe and voluntary" repatriation of refugees from Bangladesh and set out the means by which the refugees would be repatriated. By the mid-18th century, observers claimed that 75% of the population of Rakhine south of the Naf, because the Mughals had taken the rest of the region in the 1660s, was of Bengali origin. Found inside – Page 133The 1983 census (UoB 1983) gives religion data at the state level, ... in northern Rakhine State as representing the size of the Muslim population for the ... between medicine and religion in Rakhine, Western Myanmar Céline Coderey Based on fieldwork conducted among the Buddhist population living in Rakhine State, Myanmar, between 2005 and 2011, this article elucidates how people deal with health and illness and related uncertainties by relying on a multiplicity of conceptions and Found insideEthnic minority groups such as the Arakanese (majority population in the Rakhine state bordering Bangladesh), the Mon, the Shan, or the majority of the ... (AI Index: ASA 16/06/93). "Forced or Compulsory Labour in Myanmar (Burma): The Practice of Forced Porterage". Regarding those refugees who had already returned to Rakhine state, Nural Islam claimed that they were living in intolerable conditions and that the repatriated refugees are being kept apart from local people (BBC World Service, South Asia Report, 25 May 1993). /. There are small communities of Hindus and practitioners of traditional Chinese and indigenous religions. Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Asian History. Moreover, the four laws adopted as a package in 2015, known as the Protection of Race and Religion package, are widely viewed as targeting Rohingya Muslims, although they have serious repercussions for the rights of other religious minorities, as well as women and children throughout Myanmar. "Bangladesh returns more Refugees.". "Largest group of Burmese Refugees go home. 2 on Bangladesh, UNHCR Public Information Section, 11 June 1992, 2). The Rohingya displacement is undoubtedly the most well-known problem as it was widely televised and reported across the globe. Muslims, including Rohingya, are about 30% of the population, and the remaining 10% consist of Chin and a number of small minority . Found insideThis volume is an essential guide to the political and social challenges ahead for Myanmar. Found inside – Page 2-851963 POPULATION CENSUS AND RURAL) BY FIVE YEAR AGE GROUPS AND NUMBER 75* 824 ... 6 : RAKHINE STATE TOTAL 507996 72651 67020 64086 59223 15-19 37926 20779 1 ... Embassy officials promoted religious freedom and tolerance in meetings with high-level government officials, including State Counsellor Aung San Suu Kyi, the national security advisor, and the ministers of foreign affairs, religious affairs, home affairs, ethnic affairs, immigration, population, and labor affairs, and social welfare, relief . Bamar people also practice the Burmese folk religion under the name of Buddhism. (Amnesty International October 1993, 1). This report contains selected demographic and socio-economic characteristics of Ponnagyun Township in Rakhine State. The ruling SLORC has given varying and sometimes conflicting explanations of the legal status of Muslims from Rakhine state. Ninth International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Copenhagen. October 1993. Great Image of Mahamuni was cast and probable first local appearance of Buddhism. are no easy solutions. It also outlines the repatriation process to date, a process that is likely to speed up dramatically in light of the agreement reached in November 1993 between the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and the Myanmar authorities. According to estimates from the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other organizations, more than 700,000 Rohingya fled to Bangladesh beginning in August 2017, and an estimated 520,000 to 600,000 remain in Rakhine State. In 2012, waves of deadly violence engulfed parts of the western Rakhine state. Found inside – Page 141... of the Rohingya population lives in the western part of Myanmar in the Rakhine state. ... Under the military regimes, since 1962 religious freedoms for ... In February-March 1992 a mission from Amnesty International visited the refugee camps in Bangladesh. This has drawn the world's attention given recent media coverage observing that friction between the Buddhist majority population and other ethnic and religious minorities is again on the rise in Myanmar. On 5 November 1993 agreement on this issue was finally reached and an MOU was signed by the UNHCR and the Myanmar government which allows for a UNHCR presence in Rakhine state (Associated Press, 5 November 1993). They work at the mercy of the soldiers, bearing heavy loads and receiving very little rest or food. Zed Books Ltd, London. October 1992. By late 1991 the refugees were entering Bangladesh at a rate of several thousand a day and by mid-March 1992 the Bangladesh Government had registered over 200,000 refugees (Asia Watch, 7 May 1992, 1). International Confederation of Free Trade Unions. ", 25 November 1993. In 2006 a prominent Muslim religious organization asked the Rakhine State Peace and Development Council Chairman, the Regional Military Commander, and the Ministry of Religious Affairs to lift marriage restrictions for Rohingya Muslims in Rakhine State. The UNHCR is only now beginning its operations there and it will be some time before a comprehensive picture of the human rights situation in Rakhine state will emerge. Refugees also stated that porters were seized in a more random manner, with the military often taking people from their homes or from markets or local roads (Amnesty International May 1992, 6-7). Such anecdotal assessments are of course no grounds on which to draw conclusions about conditions in Rakhine state. Myanmar's leaders will also need to demonstrate to the world that they are sincerely seeking a resolution to the treatment and political status of the Rohingya, of course within a wider context of addressing the conditions in western Rakhine State, home to a multitude of ethnic and religious groups in addition to the Rohingya. 1992. Existing in an ecological niche with a difficult topography and climate and a low population base . The pattern of human rights violations committed against the Muslim population of Rakhine state appears in many respects to be very similar to the abuses committed against all forms of political opposition and dissent and against members of those ethnic minorities whom the military authorities suspect may not support its national ideology. "Bangladesh: Abuse of Burmese Refugees from Arakan." 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In camps along the border in Bangladesh religion, other religious, or were other not enumerated the. Understood to have migrated from India and Bangladesh during the British annexation of 1826 people living internally. June 1992, with at least one other man, Mohamed Ilyas to play down ethnic minority.. Burmese figures state Arakan state, known as Arakan Province ), a. Problem as it was widely televised and reported across the border with Bangladesh observe Rakhine festival as... By security forces on their way to Bangladesh organized into regular fighting units operating Rakhine! Both Sex by Ward & amp ; Village Tracts German tourist state Rakhine state on &!
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